Increasing levels of car ownership and car-dependency have exacerbated environmental problems such as air and noise pollution. For this reason, Travel Demand Management (TDM) strategies like traffic calming, parking and congestion pricing are being implemented around the world in an attempt to change people\u2019s travel behavior. Although environmental problems caused by private car usage, constitute serious threats to human health and well-being, congestion charging schemes generally unpopular with drivers. The most important and challenging factor for the successful implementation of congestion charges is the public and political acceptability because of the some issues like social norms, infringement on freedom, perceived effectiveness, and personal outcome expectations. Which kind of policies had been effective for the citizens\u2019 acceptance? Is it possible to achieve public approval for congestion charging schemes and how? Is it necessary to have decisive political leadership in order to introduce a successful congestion-charging scheme like in London? Or in order to increase acceptability should the central strategy be to hold a referendum after a trial period like in Stockholm? Are Milan cases successful in terms of acceptability? In the thesis elements of the political and public acceptability of the congestion charging schemes are examined with the help of case studies. In addition, the acceptability of the Milan case in which road pricing was decided by a citizen referendum based on the experiences of other European cities, will be discussed. This paper argues that the Milan cases (both Ecopass and Area C) are significantly less acceptable than other cases in terms of social norms, equity and socio-economic factors. However, Milan\u2019s experience demonstrates that it is possible to increase public acceptability by learning from past mistakes and by taking into account lessons from London and Stockholm.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
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