@article{Beria2022d,

title = {Transport ferroviaire de passagers : la concurrence « sur le marché » s’installe en Europe},

author = {Paolo Beria and Yves Crozet and Laurent Guihéry},

url = {http://www.emheditions.com/article.php?news=292, Issue index 

(to receive the file, just email to Paolo Beria)},

isbn = {2608-7480},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-15},

journal = {Transports, Infrastructures & Mobilité (TI&M)},

volume = {533},

pages = {10},

abstract = {La concurrence est au coeur de la feuille de route de l’Union européenne (UE) dans le champ des transports. C’est aujourd’hui une réalité qui a profondément transformé le transport aérien à la suite de la libéralisation progressive mise en place entre 1987 et 1997. Les compagnies low cost détenaient plus de 30 % du marché européen avant l’épidémie de Covid, un chiffre en augmentation ensuite. Dans les transports terrestres de passagers, la libéralisation du transport routier est intervenue dès les années 1990 en Grande-Bretagne ou en Suède, mais tardivement dans des pays comme l’Allemagne (2013) ou la France (2015). Pour le ferroviaire, l’ouverture à la concurrence s’est faite dès les années 1990 (Suède, Grande-Bretagne, Allemagne…) mais principalement sous la forme d’appels d’offre, de concurrence « pour le marché ». Les cas de concurrence « sur le marché », deux opérateurs ou plus se trouvant sur une même relation, sont restés des exceptions peu probantes. Or le paysage est en train de changer. Comme nous allons le voir dans un premier temps, plusieurs pays européens ont expérimenté l’open access ferroviaire pour les passagers et de nouvelles entrées sur le marché sont attendues dans les années qui viennent. Il est donc possible de dresser un bilan en observant les impacts pour les passagers (prix, fréquence, confort…) mais aussi pour les opérateurs et les gestionnaires de réseau. Les tendances perçues étant conformes à ce qu’enseigne l’économie de la concurrence, il est envisageable d’en déduire ce qui va se passer en France où la compétition vient de s’engager entre la SNCF et Trenitalia, en attendant l’arrivée de la Renfe, et d’autres…},

keywords = {On-track competition, Rail market},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tini2022,

title = {Quantifying geographical accessibility to cancer clinical trials in different income landscapes},

author = {Giulia Tini and Dario Trapani and Bruno Duso and Paolo Beria and Giuseppe Curigliano and Piergiuseppe Pelicci and Luca Mazzarella},

url = {https://www.esmoopen.com/article/S2059-7029(22)00135-1/fulltext, Journal paper},

doi = {10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100515},

issn = {20597029},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-06-15},

journal = {ESMO Open},

volume = {7},

number = {100515},

issue = {3},

pages = {10},

abstract = {Background: Clinical trials are increasingly perceived as a therapeutic opportunity for cancer patients. Favoring their concentration in few high-expertise academic centers maximizes quality of data collection but poses an issue of access equality. Analytical tools to quantify trial accessibility are needed to rationalize resources. Materials and methods: We constructed a distance-based accessibility index (dAI) using publicly available data on demographics, cancer incidence and trials. Multiple strategies were applied to mitigate or quantify clear sources of bias: reporting biases by text mining multiple registries; reliability of simple geographical distance by comparison with high-quality travel cost data for Italy; index inflation due to highly heterogeneous cancer incidence by log-transformation. We studied inequalities by Gini index and time trend significance by Mann–Kendall test. We simulated different resource allocation models in representative countries and identified locations where new studies would maximally improve the national index. Results: The dAI approximated well a more realistic but not widely applicable travel cost-based index. Accessibility was unevenly distributed across and within countries (Gini index ∼0.75), with maximal inequalities in high- and upper-middle-income countries (China, United States, Russian Federation). Over time, accessibility increased but less than the total number of trials, most evidently in upper-middle-income countries. Simulations in representative countries (Italy and Serbia) identified ideal locations able to maximally raise the national index. Conclusions: Access to clinical trials is highly uneven across and within countries and is not mitigated by simple increase in the number of trials; a rational algorithmic approach can be used to mitigate inequalities.},

keywords = {Accessibility, Cancer clinical trial, Econometrics, Geography, Long distance mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shtele2022,

title = {Using location based social media data to explain COVID-19 spread in Italy},

author = {Evgeniia Shtele and Paolo Beria and Vardhman Lunkar},

url = {https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/ejtir/article/view/5702, Journal article},

doi = {10.18757/ejtir.2022.22.2.5702},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-26},

urldate = {2022-05-26},

journal = {European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research},

volume = {22},

issue = {2},

pages = {132–160},

abstract = {During crisis, social network data is valuable information for authorities and researchers. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, a significant amount of data, including mobility-related data, has been released from various agencies to support studies. This paper aims to check the suitability of mobility-related datasets in describing and predicting new cases, about the spatial dimension during the initial phase of the outbreak. We focus on rich anonymized datasets through Facebook – Data for Good program: colocation matrices, movement matrices and stay-at-home data. However, we also compare their usability with a traditional Origin-Destination matrix. Our test case is Italy, the second country hit after China, where the infection spread irregularly from a few northern provinces to rest of Italy and abroad. Our regression models explain the number of actual new cases at the provincial level (corresponding to NUTS-3) by three groups of variables: active cases proxying local infections, interprovincial mobility proxying the arrival of cases from outside, and the degree of people staying at home proxying infections from cohabitants. The variants among the models consist of different measures of interprovincial mobility, thus allowing us to confront them. The result is the inclusion of time-dependent mobility data improving the significance of model and is effective in explaining irregular rise of cases in different parts of the country. Moreover, colocation results as the best measure. From a policy perspective, results show that mobility restrictions help reduce the geographical spread of infection at the very beginning, but once the outbreak, the interprovincial mobility becomes less relevant.},

keywords = {big data, COVID-19, Econometrics, Facebook},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2022,

title = {A Difference-In-Difference Approach to Estimate the Price Effect of Market Entry in High-Speed Rail},

author = {Paolo Beria and Samuel Tolentino and Evgeniia Shtele and Vardhman Lunkar},

url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17835917221088770, Journal paper},

doi = {10.1177%2F17835917221088770},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-09},

urldate = {2022-05-09},

journal = {Competition and Regulation of Network Industries},

volume = {2022},

pages = {31},

abstract = {The effect of competition on prices in the passenger transport sector can be difficult to estimate because of many influencing factors such as state regulation, demand, seasonality, and reactions of indirect competitors. A case of great interest in the rail sector is Italy, where on-track competition in the high-speed segment has been in place for nearly ten years. The paper aims at answering the question whether—and how much—incumbent’s prices are affected when competition starts on a route previously in monopoly. The case is the start of operations on the Turin–Milan–Venice route, where Italo entered in May 2018. Adopting a difference-in-difference approach, we check if Trenitalia changed the price strategy on the route before and after the entry, with respect to two control groups. The addition of placebo tests allows us to understand the ranges of significance of the results and to estimate the noise level of the estimates. Our findings suggest that the start of competition led to lower prices in the short-medium period. In the specific case, the Milano–Venezia route saw Trenitalia’s prices reduced by 21–26% (±2–5%) in a time span of 84–140 days after Italo’s entry and for advanced bookings from 2 to 10 days. Last-day prices remain unchanged, while early bookings are reduced by just 9%. This price reduction does not remain stable in the longer term, when other effects add up and blur the effect of the entry. Nevertheless, we keep observing a smaller, ∼15%, but still negative prices change.},

keywords = {High-speed rail, Long distance mobility, Pricing, Rail market},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lunkar2022,

title = {Out of the spotlight: Four years of Italian coach market prices},

author = {Vardhman Lunkar and Paolo Beria and Samuel Tolentino},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210539522000190, online paper},

doi = {10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100798},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-02},

journal = {Research in Transportation Business & Management},

abstract = {Analogous to Germany and France, Italian coach market radically changed after liberalisation (2014). Liberalisation led to new routes, increased frequencies, mergers, and withdrawals. The paper analyses market trends from four years of real ticket prices collected through collaboration with www.checkmybus.it. The dataset, consisting of monthly average prices and the number of clicks by company and by city-pair, is enriched with spatial information, including the separation of airport routes. Results show that sub-national markets had different trends, with the growth of offer on routes linked to network expansion of the early liberalisation slowing down. Contrarily, the historical routes to the Centre and South remain stable. Interestingly, larger (Top-5) companies' prices are below market average up to 5–10% less. Smaller companies operate often on niche routes, with fewer economies of scale and thus maintain higher prices. This trend switched during the COVID pandemic. A further comparison with rail prices showed that coaches were able to reduce the price gap at least with conventional trains, from −50% (average for 2017–2020) to −20% for the second semester of 2020. This is a sign of the ability of the coach sector to adapt to the shock, by reducing capacity and concentrating on more competitive routes.},

keywords = {Coach services, Liberalization, Long distance mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vendemmia2022,

title = {When commuting is not enough: towards a measure of territorial marginality based on job mobility},

author = {Bruna Vendemmia and Paolo Beria},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00167428.2022.2036075, online paper},

doi = {10.1080/00167428.2022.2036075},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-02-11},

urldate = {2022-02-11},

journal = {Geographical Review},

keywords = {Accessibility, Geography, Marginal territories, Public transport, Road transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paolo2021b,

title = {The irreducibles: The causes of non-propensity to shift to public mode to access university campus},

author = {Beria Paolo and Campisi Edoardo and Tolentino Samuel and Perotto Eleonora},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X21001000, journal paper},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

journal = {Case Studies on Transport Policy},

volume = {9},

number = {3},

pages = {12},

abstract = {University commuting has a strong impact on traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas. In Italy, this phenomenon is even more prominent since most universities are located in urban areas without adequate housing services in the surroundings. Therefore, it could be important for universities to implement policies that help commuters switch from private vehicles to public modes.



This paper focuses on Milan Politecnico (today about 54 thousand people between students and staff) and outlines the characteristics of the car users’ profiles that are less willing to switch from car to a sustainable mode.



The study involves a sample of 2 646 car users of the two main campuses, out of a much larger population using other modes. The paper builds a Multinomial logit, in which three different commuter specifications are defined: “car lovers”, people using car without taking into account other options, “car captives”, people obliged to use car, and “switchers”, car commuters willing to switch. The first two specifications are defined as “irreducibles”: people who declare they do not want or cannot switch. The model uses individual spatial location, socioeconomics and social behaviour factors as independent variables. Since location could play a role in changing propensity, the paper also includes a spatial analysis to check for possible missing spatial variables.



We identify the main causes of rigidity in commuting switch behaviour and, according to the results, we provide policymakers and universities with consistent strategies to promote public transport use. The policies must be differentiated to address the two groups of irreducibles: car lovers typically do not respond to improvements or subsidies to public transport and must therefore be addressed with pricing and parking limitations. Car captives, instead, are such due to their location: not so far but sprawled. From the university point of view, provision of residences near the campuses or targeted subsidies and multimodal solutions for frequent travellers and those living in cities may increase the sustainability of commuting.},

keywords = {Commuting, Demand, Econometrics, Environment, Mobility management, Sustainable mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lunkar2021,

title = {Presence and mobility of the population during the first wave of Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown in Italy},

author = {Vardhman Lunkar and Paolo Beria},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670720308337?via%3Dihub},

doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2020.102616},

issn = {2210-6707},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-05},

urldate = {2021-01-05},

journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},

volume = {65},

abstract = {The non-medical policies implemented by many countries to “flatten the curve” during the COVID-19 outbreak has people stranded in their homes and some, out of their homes unable to return due to the disruptions in the mobility network. The availability of rich datasets (in our case, Facebook) has made it possible to study the mobility dynamics and spatial distribution of people during lockdown in Italy.



Our interpretation is an effort to look deeper, describing the movements occurred during lockdown, including the territorial differences. We observe that, initially, tourists left the country and later Italians abroad managed to return, thereby, stabilising the population. With regards to internal mobility, the earliest affected regions see higher number of stationary users in the initial days of the outbreak while this is less significant for the central/southern regions until the decree for the official lockdown on the 9th of March 2020, due 2 days later. Just before lockdown, there was not a significant exodus of people from the North to the rest of the country, instead, relocation of people between cities and their urban belts, but not towards remote areas. This will be elaborated in conclusions shedding light on possible changes in future cities.},

keywords = {big data, COVID-19, Facebook, lockdown, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Daga2020,

title = {Un nuovo strumento di analisi per l’impatto dei trasporti sul sistema ambientale},

author = {Daga I.Abate and Ferrara Emanuele and Debernardi Andrea and Beria Paolo and Tolentino Samuel},

url = {https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files2020/pubblicazioni/periodici-tecnici/reticula/reticula-n24.pdf},

issn = {2283-9232},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-03},

journal = {Reticula},

number = {24},

pages = {16-26},

keywords = {Transport models, Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Il metró di Milano. Struttura e progetti futuri},

author = {Beria Paolo},

url = {https://re.public.polimi.it/handle/11311/1159336, pre-print in public repository

https://issuu.com/trasportiecultura/docs/t_c.57.file_per_web.compressed, journal},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-01},

journal = {Trasporti & Cultura},

volume = {XX},

number = {57},

pages = {8},

abstract = {The Milan subway network, together with regional rail and surface transport, is the backbone of mobility in the urban area. Though it is not perfect, the public transport system in Milan is a rather effective system, thanks to its extension and integration, proven by its growing ridership. The paper aims at quantitatively and geographically describing Milan’s metró system, starting with an analysis of the data on urban mobility. The paper also includes a discussion of the major ongoing projects, most of which extend

beyond the (small) municipal borders in an attempt to break through one of the historical limits of the system, its Milanocentrism.},

keywords = {Public transport, Urban transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2020,

title = {La pandemia della mobilità},

author = {Paolo Beria},

url = {http://www.eyesreg.it/2020/la-pandemia-della-mobilita/, Journal article},

issn = {2239-3110  },

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-05-18},

journal = {EyesReg},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

abstract = {In questo articolo proviamo ad immaginare gli effetti della pandemia sulla mobilità, partendo dalla storia, cioè dagli effetti della SARS del 2003.},

keywords = {Air transport, COVID-19, Public transport, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2019ui,

title = {Cambieremo modo di muoverci?},

author = {Paolo Beria and Andrea Debernardi },

url = {http://www.urbanisticainformazioni.it/, Journal homepage},

issn = {0392-5005},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-16},

journal = {Urbanistica Informazioni},

volume = {287-288},

pages = {31-33},

abstract = {Tra i molti effetti dell’epidemia di SARS-CoV-2 ve saranno certamente anche sulla mobilità, pochi dei quali saranno probabilmente positivi. In questo contributo ci aggiungiamo ai molti che hanno detto la loro, senza alcuna pretesa di previsione (oggettivamente impossibile), ma solo di riflessione.},

keywords = {Commuting, COVID-19, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Laurino2018,

title = {Accessibility to Italian remote regions: comparison among different transport alternatives},

author = {Antonio Laurino and Paolo Beria and Andrea Debernardi and Emanuele Ferrara},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X16303511, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.12.009},

issn = {0967-070X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-01},

journal = {Transport Policy},

volume = {83},

pages = {127-138},

abstract = {Historically, for geographically disadvantaged areas or those with a low level of infrastructure, air transport services are often considered to be lifeline services. In the last decades, investments in the airport sector have been promoted as a way to increase accessibility to many Italian regions. On the other side, transport services have also witnessed important changes as the entrance of low cost carriers, the development of high speed railway services or the liberalization of the long distance coach transport sector. These services, together with an improved intermodality, could provide an alternative to access areas of the country.



The paper, adopting a policymaker perspective, studies the different transport alternatives available to connect the zones in the catchment area of an airport without scheduled services, computing the minimum generalized cost (GC). Two scenarios are also analyzed in terms of possible strategies to improve accessibility levels reducing the GC. The first one assumes two daily public service obligations from the local airports to two main airports while the second scenario studies the effect of an improvement of the bus connections to the closest airport with scheduled services from the zones in the catchment area of the local airport. Simulations are based on a multimodal national transport model describing the entire Italian long distance supply for the period 2013/2014. It allows the calculation of the GC by road, rail, coach and air services. The GC provides a clear and comparable measure to understand the role of different transport modes in providing domestic connections. Results show how the more an area is remote the more a PSO could be effective while whereas ground alternatives are present the effect of air PSO is reduced. Moreover, improving ground accessibility to the main airports has a wider impact in terms of decrease of the minimum GC and in the number of zones experiencing a reduction. This paper aims to contribute to the literature on the accessibility from areas with a low level of infrastructure. It also represents a support for policy makers when promoting, drafting or reconsidering their own regional air transport programs and as well for airport manager when considering alternatives to improve airport ground accessibility.},

keywords = {Accessibility, Air transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bertolin2019,

title = {Le autolinee di media e lunga percorrenza in Italia: evoluzione del settore da prima della liberalizzazione ad oggi},

author = {Alberto Bertolin and Samuel Tolentino},

url = {https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/29075/1/REPoT_2019%281%29-2_Bertolin_Tolentino.pdf},

issn = {2282-6599},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-09-30},

journal = {REPoT},

number = {1},

keywords = {Coach services},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beriaetal2019,

title = {Long-distance rail prices in a competitive market. Evidence from head-on competition in Italy},

author = {Paolo Beria and Samuel Tolentino and Alberto Bertolin and Gabriele Filippini},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210970619300125, Journal article},

doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2019.100144},

issn = {2210-9706},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-08-24},

journal = {Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management},

volume = {in press},

abstract = {Rail liberalisation is far from homogeneous across Europe. Italy, thanks to a process started well before the European deadlines, is now one of the most interesting continental markets, at least limited to long-distance segment. The paper aims at understanding the pricing strategies of the two domestic Italian rail companies, with a focus on price discrimination using traditional methods and yield management. We are also investigating if price levels depend on the type of route and in particular on the presence or absence of intra-modal competition. Methodologically, the paper computes the price-per-km and the price dispersion for about thirty OD pairs in Italy for nearly two years, using observed prices. Routes cover the entire mainland of the country and represent different situations in terms of high-speed/conventional infrastructure and competition. We find that incumbent's prices are higher than the competitors. However, the incumbent is not applying higher prices on non-competing routes. This fact tells us that competition is not the only element ruling the prices, but also demand, capacity, users' willingness to pay, and obviously distance. These considerations are also useful to understand the network-strategy followed until now by the newcomer and what could happen in the future.},

keywords = {On-track competition, Pricing, Rail market, Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BeriaBoggio2019,

title = {The role of transport supply in the acceptability of pollution charge extension. The case of Milan},

author = {Paolo Beria and Margherita Boggio},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856417300502, Journal article},

doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.08.005},

issn = {0965-8564},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-08-06},

journal = {Transportation Research Part A},

volume = {129},

pages = {92-106},

abstract = {Milan is one of the few cities in Europe where a congestion charge is in place. It was experimentally introduced at the beginning of 2008 as a pollution charge to enter the central area of Milan. During 2011, to confirm it and also to extend its scope, a city-wide referendum took place. Referendum results largely supported the extension. 

While we know well the economic rationale and the potential effects of such policies, the issue of acceptability is still quite unexplored and usually studied with limited interview campaigns, focus groups or theoretical assumptions. This referendum is an interesting occasion to study the real motivations of the acceptability of road pricing experiences in a consolidated context.

This paper studies the determinants of the highly positive vote in favour of the extension of the former pollution charge into a congestion charge scheme. The scale of analysis is the aggregate result of the referendum at the neighbourhood level. The variables studied are the ideological orientation, some socio-economic variables, and the distance from the city centre. In contrast to the majority of existing literature, we also include in the analysis the effect of transport supply and previous mobility patterns, in order to verify if they were crucial to the voters’ acceptance of a road charge.},

keywords = {Econometrics, Road pricing, Sustainable mobility, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2019,

title = {Evolving long-distance passenger services. Market concentration, fares and specialisation patterns in Italy},

author = {Paolo Beria and Alberto Bertolin},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885917303487, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.retrec.2019.01.004},

issn = {0739-8859},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-25},

journal = {Research in Transportation Economics},

abstract = {Despite its importance, the analysis of long-distance transport dynamics and policies has not reached the same understanding of local transport services. One reason is the market-driven nature with respect to the planning-driven one, which makes the most important planning decisions taken internally to the firms.

The aim of this paper is to discuss quantitatively the main characteristics of long-distance transport in a liberalised environment (Italy) in terms of market concentration levels, fares and product specialisation. We will consider rail, coach and carpooling services, which are not fully separate markets and interact in terms of supply, prices and groups of customers.

The paper also discusses one of the main remaining regulatory issue, in Italy but also in other deregulated markets, which is the potential distortions due to the overlap of subsidised and planned Public Service Obligations with market services.},

keywords = {Coach services, Long distance mobility, Pricing, Rail market, Specialisation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2018e,

title = {Long-distance passenger transport market (Editorial)},

author = {Paolo Beria},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885918302944, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.retrec.2018.11.006},

issn = {0739-8859},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-10},

journal = {Research in Transportation Economics},

volume = {72},

pages = {1-2},

abstract = {Editorial of the special issue on long-distance transport.

The aim of this Special Issue is to fill this gap, collecting a broad range of studies all focusing on the long-distance segment and on its specific issues. This introduction will shortly discuss a selection of the main research topics of the opening of long-distance markets and their evolution, also by means of the contributions included in the present volume.},

keywords = {Infrastructure, Liberalization, Transport models, Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2018d,

title = {Intercity coach liberalisation in Italy: Fares determinants in an evolving market},

author = {Paolo Beria and Dario Nistri and Antonio Laurino},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885917302020, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.029},

issn = {0739-8859},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-01},

journal = {Research in Transportation Economics},

volume = {69},

pages = {260-269},

abstract = {A recent wave of liberalisation in the coach sector has reached some of the largest European countries. Liberalisation has shown deep consequences not only on the coach market structure, historically rather static and with limited market share, but also in the general market of long-distance passenger transport. In this context Italy is an interesting case, presenting some peculiarities with respect to comparable countries such as France and Germany. Italian market in fact had a relevant dimension even before liberalisation, but was concentrated on marginal origin-destination relationships. The liberalisation has pushed coach companies, mostly newcomers, to look at the richer intercity markets, especially in Northern Italy. Thanks to a 1-year long database of prices for most of Italian domestic routes, the paper studies the price determinants, including the strategy of main companies and the effect of intermodal competition. Results show that newcomers' strategy is relatively more aggressive than incumbents' one, but also that some of the largest historical operators also effectively reduce average route prices with promotions and yield management. Also intermodal competition matters. Routes overlapping with rail PSO are priced less, but interestingly this happens also for high-speed routes. This shows that the two markets are not independent.},

keywords = {Coach services, Econometrics, Liberalization, Pricing},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2018b,

title = {Delusions of success: Costs and demand of high-speed rail in Italy and Spain},

author = {Paolo Beria and Raffaele Grimaldi and Daniel Albalate and Germà Bel},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X17306194, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.03.011},

issn = {0967-070X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-09-30},

journal = {Transport Policy},

volume = {68},

pages = {63-79},

abstract = {Mismatches between forecasted and actual costs and traffic figures are common in transport investments, especially in large scale ones, and so are delusions of the future demand. High-speed rail projects are often among the worst practices for cost overruns and demand overestimation, even where traffic figures may tell a history of apparent success.



In the paper, we analyse two significant cases of delusions of success, namely the Italian and Spanish HSR programmes. The Italian one shows excellent demand performances, but is among the continent's worst cases for construction costs. The Spanish one, recognised worldwide as one of the most successful outcomes of HS policy, is the one where potential demand estimations were systematically neglected, and the planned network appears largely out-of-scale compared to actual traffic. In both cases, the forecasts were not simply biased, as well-known literature on megaproject failures has clearly shown: Italian lines were deliberately designed to increase the cost, and the Spanish network was deliberately planned out-of-scale. By means of the two cases, the paper will show that the core of the problem does not lie in the wrong estimations, but in deliberate choices of overinvestment, overdesign and overquality.},

keywords = {High-speed rail, Optimism bias, Political economy, Rail transport, Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2018,

title = {Integration between Transport Models and Cost-Benefit Analysis to Support Decision-Making Practices: Two Applications in Northern Italy},

author = {Paolo Beria and Alberto Bertolin and Raffaele Grimaldi},

editor = {Hindawi},

url = {https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aor/2018/2806062/, Journal article},

doi = {10.1155/2018/2806062},

issn = {1687-9155},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-23},

journal = {Advances in Operations Research},

volume = {2018},

pages = {16},

abstract = {Decisions on transport plans and projects involve relevant public investments and may also determine radical changes in users’ costs. Unfortunately, it is not rare that—especially at the strategic planning stage—decisions on alternative projects or scenarios are made on a qualitative basis or, at best, by setting some indicators and verifying how much they reach the politically decided targets (e.g., “increasing the use of bicycles by 10%”). In order to reduce subjectivity, a more quantitative and comprehensive approach to the evaluation is needed. A Cost-Benefit Analysis is a tool commonly used to assess public expenditure, but its application to mobility plans introduces further practical and theoretical complexities. In this paper, we will thus try to contribute to the topic of the assessment of both sustainable mobility transport plans and infrastructure projects by presenting the operative application of a CBA methodology that is, at the same time, theoretically coherent and rich in outputs to support the decision-maker. Moreover, we will discuss the possible use of GIS software in order to provide to the decision-makers a clear and immediate “picture” of the effects on the network linked to different scenarios. The structure is as follows. Firstly, we discuss the complexities involved in the evaluation of plans with respect to a single infrastructure. Secondly, we introduce the available approaches for the assessment of consumer surplus, namely, the Rule of Half and the logsum function method, which allow the perfect integration between CBA and transport models. Thirdly, we present, through some operative case studies, the methodologies applied to the assessment and the network effects visualization of the urban mobility plan and new infrastructures. Finally, we underline how we can make the results more understandable to politicians, policy-makers, stakeholders, and citizens and in general improve the transparency and the awareness of the choices.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Transport models, Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{11311_1028859,

title = {Intercity coach liberalisation. the cases of Germany and Italy},

author = { Raffaele Grimaldi and Katrin Augustin and Paolo Beria},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146517307354, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.428},

issn = {2352-1465},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-06-08},

booktitle = {Transportation Research Procedia},

journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROCEDIA},

volume = {25},

pages = {474--490},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Intercity (or long-distance) coach transport has long remained a marginal mode in Western and Southern Europe. It connected mainly residual origin-destination relationships, to marginal areas without rail transport or, at best, as an ancillary mode to extend the range of rail accessibility.

However, the recent experiences of German and Italian liberalisations can represent a turning point in the redefinition of the role of this industry. In particular, Germany showed that a competitive environment could foster the sector and make it a true alternative for car and rail, especially in the low cost demand segment. In Italy, instead, the liberalisation effects are appearing more slowly, also due to the fragmentation of the sector and to the relative maturity of the historical market, but more and more pervasively.

While it is clear that a favourable legislative context and the limitedness level of entry barriers are necessary conditions for liberalisation, other elements appear to have a profound influence to explain the important differences between the two cases of Italy and Germany. The paper aims at discussing the role of two further aspects: i) the characteristics, and in particular the dimension and concentration, of the before-liberalisation market, and ii) the geography of the countries. When considering these elements, it becomes clearer why the processes ran at very different speeds north and south of the Alps and why the two markets still appear different.},

keywords = {Coach services, Liberalization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{11311_1028855,

title = {Measuring the long-distance accessibility of Italian cities},

author = { Paolo Beria and Andrea Debernardi and Emanuele Ferrara},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692316303301, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.006},

issn = {0966-6923},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},

volume = {62},

pages = {66--79},

abstract = {Long-distance accessibility is a crucial element for economic development and for territorial cohesion. To be revealing, however, a measure of accessibility must not only consider the distance or travel time of a single mode, but should include the fares, the frequency and the interchanges of all available modes.

The paper aims to address whether and where there is an accessibility problem between Italian regions, through a comprehensive measure of accessibility covering the entire Italian territory. The measure used in the paper is potential accessibility, with an exponential decay impedance function. Different from similar studies, this one gives a more in-depth definition of impedance parameters due to the availability of a transport model that includes the entire Italian long-distance supply (roads, coaches, long-distance rail services, air services, and ferries). The opportunities at destination are proxied by population, and private and public sector employees.

The main outputs are detailed maps of accessibility that are significantly more realistic than using simple infrastructure indicators or single-mode measures. In addition, some policy conclusions are drawn in terms of past and future investment policies.},

keywords = {Accessibility, Transport models, Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{11311_1028870,

title = {La valutazione nel processo di Piano Urbano della Mobilità Sostenibile},

author = { Paolo Beria},

editor = {Ordine degli Architetti Roma},

url = {http://www.ar-architettiroma.it/index.php/152-ar-117-tematica/589-il-pums-di-milano, Journal article},

issn = {0392-2014},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {AR},

volume = {117},

pages = {80--83},

abstract = {La città di Milano ha intrapreso questo percorso già nel 2013, giungendo due anni dopo alla pubblicazione del Piano e alla sua condivisione con cittadinanza e stakeholder. Come si cercherà di mostrare in questo intervento, il PUMS milanese non è interessante solo per la dimensione del contesto e per l’ampiezza delle azioni previste, ma anche per alcuni aspetti più “procedurali” che

 lo pongono tra i punti di riferimento a livello nazionale per la nuova concezione del piano. Tra questi, la centralità della condivisione, l’uso pervasivo dei modelli di trasporto e della valutazione nella definizione delle scelte e l’ampiezza delle azioni considerate in maniera integrata.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Public transport, Sustainable mobility, Transport planning, Transport policy, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2016a,

title = {The effect of open access competition on average rail prices. The case of Milan – Ancona},

author = {Paolo Beria and Renato Redondi and Paolo Malighetti},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210970616300488, Journal paper},

doi = {10.1016/j.jrtpm.2016.09.001},

isbn = {2210-9706},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-22},

journal = {Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management},

volume = {online first},

abstract = {Italy is among the few countries where open-access rail competition exists, and the entry of the newcomer NTV during 2012 radically changed the market conditions.

The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the effect of competition on price strategies. To do that, we focused on the period before and after the opening of a new HS direct service between Milano and Ancona. Through a web crawler, we collected available fares, from 30 to 1 days in advance of departure and for 15 months, between September 2013 and December 2014. We statistically analysed the sample i) to estimate the price reactions of the incumbent after the new entry, and ii) to compare the price strategies of the two operators.

Results show that the incumbent reduced economy class prices by about 15%. The newcomer is slightly cheaper for bookings well in advance of the departure date, but raises prices in the very last days before departure. Their fare strategy also changed after three months of operations, when they applied lower prices. Finally, we see that Trenitalia does not respond to NTV's prices, whereas the opposite is true, demonstrating that the newcomer is the price-taker in the short-run.},

keywords = {Econometrics, High-speed rail, Pricing, Rail market, Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bertolin2016,

title = {Prime evidenze sul Carpooling in Italia: chi, dove e quando},

author = {Alberto Bertolin and Paolo Beria and Gabriele Filippini},

editor = {EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste},

url = {http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/13020/1/REPoT_2016%282%29-1_Bertolin%20et%20al.pdf, Journal article},

issn = {2282-6599},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-13},

journal = {Rivista di economia e politica dei trasporti (REPoT)},

volume = {2},

pages = {1-17},

abstract = {Le pratiche di mobilità innovativa (carsharing, carpooling, mobilità elettrica, etc.) mostrano una sempre maggiore penetrazione nel mercato italiano. Sebbene ancora marginali in termini di mobilità complessiva, esse rappresentano nicchie sempre più importanti in alcuni contesti, oltre che un’interessante fonte di informazioni sulle pratiche di mobilità. In questo articolo viene presentato e studiato un primo campione di dati raccolto dalla più conosciuta piattaforma web per il carpooling (BlaBlaCar). Il duplice fine che ci si propone è quello di poter, da un lato, comprendere meglio quali siano le dinamiche e la diffusione del servizio a scala nazionale e, dall’altro, di ottenere alcune informazioni sul segmento della mobilità meno noto alle statistiche, cioè la mobilità occasionale di lunga percorrenza. I primi risultati ottenuti mostrano come gli utilizzatori del servizio rappresentino ancora una quota marginale degli spostamenti che interessano la nostra penisola, ma diano utili indicazioni sulle attuali pratiche di mobilità. I viaggi offerti, ad esempio, si svolgono su distanze medie nell’ordine dei 300 km e sono maggiori a nord rispetto al resto della penisola. Inoltre, presentano diversi pattern di distribuzione settimanale a seconda del luogo di origine, così come una diversa diffusione geografica. Le grandi città, Milano in primo luogo, generano viaggi su aree molto ampie, mentre i capoluoghi di provincia presentano catchment area molto più limitate e polarizzate.},

keywords = {Carpooling, Geography, Long distance mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2016b,

title = {Effectiveness and monetary impact of Milan's road charge, one year after implementation},

author = {Paolo Beria},

editor = {Taylor & Francis},

url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15568318.2015.1083638, journal article},

doi = {10.1080/15568318.2015.1083638},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-07-01},

journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Transportation},

volume = {10},

number = {7},

pages = {657-669},

abstract = {In early 2008, a pollution charge was introduced in the central Area of Milan. Although initially it positively affected traffic volume, after some years its effect wore off due to the replacement of older vehicles with newer and exempt vehicles. As effectiveness decreased, in June 2011 the Milan citizens voted in a referendum on whether to extend the charge to all vehicles. The result was clearly in favor of the redesign and extension of the toll. In January 2012 the new policy was put in force under the name of “Area C.” The new pricing uses the same technological infrastructure and encompasses the same Area but evolves into congestion pricing aimed at reducing traffic in the compact and crowded central city. The present article discusses the history of the Milan road-pricing case and presents some quantitative analyses of the overall effectiveness of the measure, based on official data. In addition, we calculate, using cordon data, the distribution of entrances per vehicle category and the related yearly cost paid by users. The analyses show the measure's effectiveness, in line with expectations, and calculate the economic impact of the pricing on different user groups. Such impact appears quite limited, as the vast majority of users cross the cordon occasionally, and the most affected user groups (e.g., residents) are granted with more favorable conditions.

},

keywords = {Road pricing, Sustainable mobility, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2016,

title = {Determinants of daily fluctuations in air passenger volumes. The effect of events and holidays on Milan Malpensa airport},

author = {Paolo Beria and Antonio Laurino},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699716000077, Journal Article},

doi = {10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.01.005},

isbn = {0969-6997},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Air Transport Management},

volume = {53},

pages = {73-84},

abstract = {Air traffic flows show large seasonal variability, but arrivals and departures may also be significantly influenced by specific events which generate peaks, which generate peaks rising above baseline traffic. While seasonal variations of air flows are well studied in literature, the daily variations and their causes are seldom analysed and quantified. The paper aims at filling this gap by exploring and quantifying the effect of holidays and events (conferences, trade fairs, sport events) in terms of passenger daily fluctuations.

We identified the elements affecting these variations and searched for correlations with daily demand fluctuations using an OLS econometric model applied to Milan Malpensa airport. The model allows one to reproduce the observed daily traffic, identifying the baseline component of traffic (depending on the calendar) and the additional effect ascribable to holidays and occasional events.

Results show which types of events generate a visible traffic increase. The effect of some of them can be very significant indeed. The largest international design and fashion shows taking place in Milan generate up to more than 20% extra passenger traffic compared to the normal baseline traffic. In addition, the analysis showed that their effect is not limited to the event days, but impacted on the surrounding days as well. Holidays also influence the patterns of demand, creating additional traffic on certain days and more pronounced peaks, which also differ according to seasons.},

note = {"Determinants of daily fluctuations in air passenger volumes. The effect of events and holidays on Milan Malpensa airport"

Draft version presented at the 17th ATRS -Air Transport Research Society- World Conference, Bergamo 26-29 June 2013},

keywords = {Air transport, Airports, Econometrics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2015c,

title = {From infrastructure to service: mapping long-distance passenger transport in Italy},

author = {Paolo Beria and Andrea Debernardi and Raffaele Grimaldi and Emanuele Ferrara and Antonio Laurino and Alberto Bertolin},

editor = {Taylor & Francis},

url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445647.2015.1060179, Journal article

http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1471651, Main Map

},

doi = {10.1080/17445647.2015.1060179},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Maps},

volume = {12},

number = {4},

pages = {659-667},

abstract = {In order to promote an effective level of coordination between physical investments, technology and soft policies in transport planning, a deep knowledge of supply and demand is desirable, if not necessary. Unlike other countries, the national scale of supply and demand for the Italian transport systems as a whole is barely known and in the case of long-distance mobility, there is not a unique quantitative and geographical description available. In this paper, we present a map regarding the Italian long-distance transport supply and generalised cost simulations, for the period 2013–2014. The information shown in the map comes from a multimodal transport model, which presents the peculiarity of using real public service timetables to simulate the entirety of the Italian long distance transport industry. This tool enables one to map the entire transport supply and to estimate the generalised costs among any route: this also allows one to identify which transport mode is better suited to make a specific trip.},

keywords = {Air transport, Coach services, Rail transport, Transport models},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Grimaldi2015a,

title = {Potenzialità di innovazioni tecnologiche  rispetto alle prestazioni del trasporto ferroviario  delle merci in Europa | [Potentials of technological innovations with respect  to rail freight transport performance in Europe]},

author = {Raffaele Grimaldi and Gabriele Malavasi},

url = {http://www.ingegneriaferroviaria.it/web/it/content/ingegneria-ferroviaria-giugno-n06-anno-2015, Journal Article},

issn = {0020-0956},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-07-01},

journal = {Ingegneria Ferroviaria},

volume = {70},

number = {6},

pages = {539-554},

abstract = {Il trasporto ferroviario copre oggi solo una piccola quota degli spostamenti di merci europei. Per aumentare il mercato, sembrano necessarie innovazioni decisive, che comportano modifiche tecniche ed organizzative.

Questo articolo analizza alcune esperienze esistenti di innovazioni tecnologiche mirate all’aumento delle prestazioni. In particolare, analizziamo innovazioni relative ai sistemi di comando e controllo (posizionamento satellitare e verifica dell’integrità del treno da bordo), alla composizione del treno (aggancio automatico) ed al trasporto intermodale di contenitori e semi-rimorchi.

Sottolineiamo i potenziali benefici e costi e, laddove possibile, suggeriamo valori relativi agli ordini di grandezza. Proponiamo un resoconto degli obiettivi generali, dei problemi da risolvere, delle possibili soluzioni, dei costi stimati e degli orizzonti temporali delle esperienze analizzate. Suggeriamo quindi una possibile valutazione qualitativa degli impatti delle tecnologie analizzate, sulla base della letteratura.

La nostra analisi preliminare sui valori da letteratura suggerisce che, in situazioni molto specifica, l’adozione combinata dell’aggancio automatico e del posizionamento satellitare può aumentare la produttività del trasporto ferroviario fino a 7,3 volte.





[Rail transport covers only a small share of European freight movements. In order to extend the market, breakthrough innovations seem to be needed, involving both technical and organisational changes.

This paper reviews some existing experiences in technological innovation aimed at improving performance. In particular, we analyse innovations related to command and control systems (satellite based positioning and on-board train integrity verification), train formation (automatic couplers) and intermodal transport of containers and semi-trailers. 

We outline potential benefits and costs and, where available, suggest figures about the involved order of magnitudes. General aim, problems to be solved, possible solutions, estimated costs and time horizon of the analysed experiences are reported. We suggest a possible qualitative assessment of impacts of the analysed technologies, based on our understanding of the literature.

Our early analysis on figures from the literature suggests that, in very specific situations, the adoption of automatic coupling and satellite positioning can boost productivity of rail freight transport as much as 7.3 times.]},

keywords = {Freight, Innovation, Rail transport, Technology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PaoloBeria2015,

title = {Motorways economic regulation: A worldwide survey},

author = {Paolo Beria and Francesco Ramella and Antonio Laurino},

url = {http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1RAC0,L-HRHi6R, Journal article FREE DOWNLOAD UNTIL July 29, 2015

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X15000475, Journal article},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.03.010},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-06-09},

issuetitle = {Special Issue on “Economic regulation of transport infrastructure – theory and practices”},

journal = {Transport Policy},

volume = {41},

pages = {23--32},

abstract = {During the last few decades,the motorways sector greatly expanded around the world.Today it represents  an essential infrastructure asset of a country.In the majority of cases the network was initially built and maintained with public funds through direct state provision. In the early 1990s many developed and emerging countries moved towards private involvement in toll roads provision, increasing the need  for sound economic regulation. However, no comprehensive analysis of the existing regulatory and institutional  frameworks has been carried out so far. Starting from a survey involving 21 countries, the paper tries to fill in this gap through a review of existing motorway regulatory frameworks. Various aspects of regulation have been collected and analysed in order to provide an overview of the current

practices, both in quantitative and qualitative terms evidencing the strengths and the weaknesses among the various models.},

keywords = {Highways, Infrastructure, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2015c,

title = {Introduction: Economic regulation of transport infrastructure, theory and practices},

author = {Paolo Beria and Marco Guido Ponti and Francesco Ramella},

url = {http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1RAC0,L-HRHi5I, Journal article FREE DOWNLOAD UNTIL July 29, 2015!

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X15000402, Journal article},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.03.003},

issn = {0967-070X},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-06-09},

journal = {Transport Policy},

volume = {41},

pages = {1--4},

abstract = {Introduction to the Special Issue on  Economic Regulation of Transport Infrastructure},

keywords = {Infrastructure, Political economy, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Laurino2015,

title = {The economic regulation of railway networks: A worldwide survey},

author = {Antonio Laurino and Francesco Ramella and Paolo Beria},

url = {The economic regulation of railway networks: A worldwide survey, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.011},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-05-15},

booktitle = {Strategie per la crescita: innovazione, efficienza, sostenibilità nei trasporti},

journal = {Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice},

volume = {77},

pages = {202--212},

abstract = {The rapid expansion of car use in the second half of the 20th century together with growing inefficiencies in the publicly run railways, led to traffic decline and financial difficulties for many railway companies. In order to face this situation, various structural reforms have been introduced which have increased the level of private sector involvement, strengthening the need of sound economic regulation. Starting from a desk survey, the paper reviews the resulting railways models for 20 countries. The main characteristics of each regulatory system have been collected and analyzed in order to provide an ex-ante overview of the current practices, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Results show how public subjects still play a dominant role as infrastructure managers and frequently also as service providers in vertically integrated structures. Limited cases of privatization occurred. Our survey evidence how each country has developed its own framework according to its transport system, political context, economic situation, business and regulatory environment. Further researches are needed to study the ex-post performance of the industry providing empirical evidences of the impacts of the reforms.},

keywords = {Infrastructure, Rail transport, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Clerico20151887,

title = {Railway related impacts: The Turin-Lyon high-speed rail case},

author = {Marina Clerico and Luca Giunti and Luca Mercalli and Marco Guido Ponti and Angelo Tartaglia and Sergio Ulgiati and Massimo Zucchetti},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978881172&partnerID=40&md5=b06a4fa0135c4de9ff5d1558929c4e07, Journal article},

issn = {1018-4619},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-05-01},

journal = {Fresenius Environmental Bulletin},

volume = {24},

number = {5A},

pages = {1887-1895},

publisher = {Parlar Scientific Publications},

abstract = {One of the best known cases of struggle for the commons in Italy, characterized by bitter controversies over the last 20 years, is the popular opposition to the construction of the High Speed Railway line (HSR, "TAV" in Italian) between Turin and Lyon, designed to cross the Susa Valley (at the Italian-French border) and the Alps. This HSR project still carries, in spite of twenty years of continuous updating and reworking, a great deal of unsolved environmental and economic issues. An issue of insufficient cost-benefit balance has recently come to clear evidence, especially in view of the non-negligible passenger and freight traffic decrease along the Turin-Lyon direction. The most important aspects dealing with economic costs and claimed benefits, energetic considerations, legal constraints, environmental impact, health impact potential, and the negative experience of other projects, are discussed.},

keywords = {Environmental impact, High-speed rail},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ponti2015_1,

title = {Una ipotesi di tariffazione discriminante per il finanziamento efficiente delle infrastrutture},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.openstarts.units.it/xmlui/handle/10077/11012, Journal article},

issn = {2282-6599},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-05-18},

journal = {Rivista di economia e politica dei trasporti (REPoT)},

volume = {1},

pages = {1--9},

abstract = {La perdurante scarsità di risorse pubbliche costringe a rivedere l’assioma della necessità, per ragioni di efficienza allocativa, di tariffazione ai costi sociali marginali (SMCP). Il paper propone una radicale revisione di tale principio, argomentando in favore di strategie tariffarie discriminanti, più eque ed anche più efficienti se si tiene conto adeguatamente del costo-opportunità marginale dei fondi pubblici (COMPF). Infine la tecnologia oggi può consentire più facilmente forme di tariffazione articolate. Si presenta poi l’analisi di un caso fittizio ma verosimile, di una infrastruttura con traffico e costi di costruzione dati, e ipotesi di elasticità della domanda da letteratura, e si calcolano i benefici sociali netti di diverse tariffe discriminanti in presenza di un COMFP ancora ricavato dalla letteratura, e analogamente i benefici aggiuntivi da ridotta congestione. In estrema sintesi: “un monopolio perfettamente discriminante che non realizza extraprofitti è efficiente”.},

keywords = {Financing, Regulation, Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Low-cost carriers and secondary airports: Three experiences from Italy},

author = {Antonio Laurino and Paolo Beria},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212571X14000298, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.05.001},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-10-01},

journal = {JOURNAL OF DESTINATION MARKETING & MANAGEMENT},

volume = {3},

pages = {180--191},

abstract = {The paper analyses the relationship between low-cost carriers and secondary airports in Italy, resulting from the deregulation process and from the changes in the internal market due to the weak situation of the former flag carrier Alitalia. To do that, the paper discusses the incentive schemes used by airports to attract airlines. The paper begins by providing a general framework for incentives, supporting the analysis by means of three case studies (Aeroporti di Puglia, Alghero׳s airport, and Emilia-Romagna׳s airports). Findings from the study show that discounts on landing and/or terminal charges, revenue-guarantee schemes, and co-marketing agreements are the instruments most often used in Italian airports. The majority of them are publicly owned, entailing the use of public money to cover losses regardless of the real impacts of these strategies in economic and tourism terms. Therefore, to strengthen their role, airport policies need to be carefully defined and be included in a wider strategy aimed at promoting destinations and local development, rather than simply promoting air traffic.},

keywords = {Air transport, Airports, Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {A Stylised Cost–Benefit Model for the Choice Between Bus and Light Rail},

author = {Raffaele Grimaldi and Paolo Beria and Antonio Laurino},

url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/lse/jtep/2014/00000048/00000002/art00003?token=004116f70ec97a41333c4a2f7a7a386f2c7446737a783b5f4f6d4e2224cfb472d, Journal Article

http://www.francoangeli.it/ricerca/Scheda_libro.aspx?id=19238, Book Chapter (2011 OLD VERSION)

http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24872/, Working Paper (2011 OLD VERSION)},

issn = {0022-5258},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT ECONOMICS AND POLICY},

volume = {48},

pages = {219--239},

abstract = {In the last 20 years light rail schemes have been introduced in many European cities. Previous studies indicate the benefits of these schemes seem to have been sometimes overestimated. This paper tries to understand the circumstances in which light rail schemes can be truly worthwhile compared to bus systems, by developing a simplified cost-benefit model. The proposed methodology is suitable for the early appraisal of any new urban light rail line and can be used specifically for comparative purposes. The paper finishes with some investment threshold nomograms and an application expost to a new tram line built in Italy.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Public transport, Transport planning, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {La valutazione economica dei Piani Urbani della Mobilità Sostenibile. Il caso di Milano},

author = {Paolo Beria and Raffaele Grimaldi},

editor = {EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste},

url = {http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/10672, article},

issn = {2},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {RIVISTA DI ECONOMIA E POLITICA DEI TRASPORTI},

volume = {3},

pages = {1--15},

abstract = {La tendenza emergente nella pianificazione dei trasporti a livello urbano è quella che adotta l’approccio dei PUMS, cioè i Piani Urbani della Mobilità Sostenibile. Essi superano l’approccio tradizionale di piano, introducendo, oltre ai concetti di sostenibilità, anche quelli di una pianificazione integrata e della valutazione delle politiche di trasporto adottate. Il presente articolo intende fornire un contributo relativamente all’integrazione delle tecniche di valutazione socio-economica, quali l’Analisi Costi Benefici, nei PUMS, cioè in strumenti di programmazione complessi e formati da politiche ed azioni molto eterogenee e di articolata modellizzazione. L’articolo discute inizialmente in termini generali la complessità legata all’integrazione tra piani e valutazione, per poi mostrare i contenuti di un recente esempio, cioè il PUMS della città di Milano. Attraverso esso si discuteranno i modi con cui si è operata l’integrazione del modello di simulazione con lo strumento per l’Analisi Costi Benefici, e verranno presentati alcuni strumenti innovativi di rappresentazione dei risultati, utili alla comunicazione dei contenuti tecnici dell’analisi al più ampio pubblico dei decisori e dei cittadini.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Evaluation, SUMP, Transport models, Transport planning, Transport policy, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ponti201353,

title = {The European transport policy: Its main issues},

author = { Marco Guido Ponti and Andrea Boitani and Francesco Ramella},

editor = {Elsevier},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X13000035, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.cstp.2013.07.002},

issn = {2213624X},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-07-11},

journal = {Case Studies on Transport Policy},

volume = {1},

number = {1-2},

pages = {53-62},

abstract = {The paper focuses on a limited number of European transport policy issues, that nevertheless are probably the most relevant ones. Given the great complexity of the transport sector (several competing modes, infrastructure and services, public and private players, efficiency and equity objectives, etc.), and the diverse impact of the European policy in different countries and at different times. The issues are selected as for a) their acknowledged economic and political importance, b) their relevance across transport modes. An overview of the EU transport policy principles is also provided together with an assessment of the consistency of actual policy actions with those principles. The selected issues are: (i) planning and promotion of new infrastructure; (ii) competition and regulation policies; (iii) environmental policies.},

keywords = {Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Come far ripartire lo sviluppo nel settore delle infrastrutture e dei trasporti},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti and Paolo Beria},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ITALIA},

volume = {7-8/2013},

pages = {30--35},

keywords = {Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mariotti2013,

title = {Car sharing peer-to-peer: un’analisi empirica sulla città di Milano},

author = {Ilaria Mariotti and Paolo Beria and Antonio Laurino},

editor = {EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste},

url = {http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/9564, Journal Article},

issn = {2282 - 6599},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {RIVISTA DI ECONOMIA E POLITICA DEI TRASPORTI},

volume = {3},

pages = {1--16},

crossref = {Mariotti2013.1},

abstract = {I sistemi di carsharing (di seguito CS) sono considerati un’alternativa promettente all’auto privata. Nonostante diverse iniziative si siano sviluppate nel mondo, l’impatto reale sulla mobilità privata rimane ancora trascurabile. Una delle possibili evoluzioni del carsharing è rappresentata dal carsharing “peer to peer” (di seguito P2P) per il quale le auto non sono fornite centralmente da un gestore, ma sono di proprietà di singoli individui che le affittano nei momenti di non utilizzo in cambio di un ritorno economico. A partire da un’indagine svolta nel 2012 tra gli abitanti del comune di Milano, l’articolo cerca di individuare i principali fattori che favoriscono l’adesione ad un sistema di carsharing P2P. In particolare, la probabilità di adesione ad un sistema P2P è indagata attraverso un’analisi econometrica che si avvale di due modelli a scelta discreta: un modello logit binomiale e un modello logit multinomiale. Quest’ultimo consente di investigare la probabilità di condividere l’auto personale tra diversi gruppi di persone (nessuno; amici, colleghi e vicini; chiunque). L’articolo contribuisce alla ricerca, ancora in nuce, sul tema P2P e rappresenta il primo tentativo di analizzare, attraverso una indagine specifica, la propensione ad aderire ad uno schema P2P di condivisione dell’auto personale.},

keywords = {Car sharing, Survey, Sustainable mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {The Italian Way to Carsharing},

author = {Antonio Laurino and Raffaele Grimaldi},

url = {http://www.aracneeditrice.it/aracneweb/index.php/pubblicazione.html?item=9788854870246, Book Chapter (2014)},

doi = {10.6092/1970-9870/942},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-12-03},

journal = {TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment},

volume = {5},

number = {3},

pages = {77--90},

abstract = {Carsharing (CS) is increasing its role worldwide as an alternative and more sustainable transport mode. After focusing on the main characteristics of CS, starting from the analysis of the literature on this topic, this paper studies the Italian carsharing experiences, trying to understand its development and growth and possible limits and weaknesses of existing experiences. The presence of a national coordination structure (Iniziativa Carsharing - ICS), unique in Europe, surely helped the development of the system. A case study in Milan, showing a significant increase in CS membership after the implementation of a city charging scheme, might suggest that other mobility policies, external to CS itself, might have a significant role in its development.},

keywords = {Car sharing, Sustainable mobility, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2012,

title = {Comparison of social and perceived marginal costs of road transport in Italy},

author = {Paolo Beria and Raffaele Grimaldi and Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDarticolo=46538, Journal article},

doi = {10.3280/EFE2012-002005},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT},

volume = {2},

pages = {85--112},

abstract = {The topic of external costs of transport is widely studied in the scientific literature and policy makers are showing a growing awareness on this problem. One of the main tools used to control the social costs of transport and reduce welfare losses associated to externalities is that of internalisation via tariffs: road pricing, carbon taxes, dedicated taxes, etc. Actually, many taxes on transport already exist, but seldom have an explicit internalisation purpose. In this paper we compare current road transport perceived marginal costs in Italy with social ones. Starting from the literature on the topic, in the analytical part of the paper we present the case of Italy and quantify the current level of external costs and taxation. Then we compare unit taxes with marginal transport social costs, with particular respect to different driving contexts. Results show that gasoline passengers cars always perceive the external costs they generate more than any other vehicle category. In urban contexts external costs are still not rightly perceived, with the exception of recent gasoline cars only and excluding congestion. Outside urban contexts, the perceived share is considerably higher. Estimates also suggest that a distortion exists with respect to the gap between highway tolls and infrastructure damage costs in Italy: trucks pay only a little more than marginal infrastructure costs they generate, so that only cars are actually paying for new investments.},

keywords = {Environment, External costs, Road transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Public funding in the Italian transport sector. A roadmap for policymakers},

author = {Paolo Beria and Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46225&Tipo=Articolo%20PDF&lingua=it&idRivista=13, Journal article},

doi = {10.3280/POLI2012-003008},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE},

volume = {40},

pages = {137--169},

abstract = {Public money flowing in or out of the transport sector is one of the most powerful drivers of its evolution. but what happens to that money? the paper analyses the amounts involved and the impact of the cash flows on the patronage and behaviour of firms. the aim of the analysis is to provide a comprehensive picture of the revenue and expenditure of the Italian transport system for the Italian state and the local administrations and how that money is used. based on the available resources, the paper quantifies the subsidies and the spending on contractual transfers to support transportation investments, network maintenance, and service delivery, as well as estimating the value of the principle taxes generated by the transport sector and illustrating the historical background. the results of the analysis indicate that road transport generates more in taxes than it receives in the form of free public roads (a net of over thirty-two billion euros per year). In contrast, the public bus and rail transport system receives subsidies valued at approximately thirteen billion euros per year, inclusive of new infrastructure. the other methods of transport benefit from relatively lower resources, with air industry close to even. the paper discusses the tools available for a more informed assessment of this expenditure, in particular, from the socio-economic perspective, through a cost benefit analysis (cbA), outlines possible alternative scenarios of public expenditure and the effects on patronage, and presents the authors’ conclusions and policy indications},

keywords = {Financing, Public expenditure, Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {A comparison of rail liberalisation levels across four European countries},

author = {Paolo Beria and Emile Quinet and Gines de Rus and Carola Schulz},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885912000327, Journal article

http://www.wctrs.leeds.ac.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/abstracts/lisbon/general/01030.pdf, (OLD VERSION, 2010)},

doi = {10.1016/j.retrec.2012.03.014},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS},

volume = {36},

pages = {110--120},

abstract = {This paper presents the results of a research into railway regulation and liberalisation in Italy, France, Germany and Spain. The analysis covers the relationship between the State and the rail companies, network access conditions by operators, slot allocating and pricing schemes and how public service obligations are defined, financed and regulated. The aim of the paper is to give a comparative overview of the regulation of railways. The regulatory frameworks are described and then assessed according to their implications on the degree of liberalisation and on their actual market opening. The conclusions are that the actual level of market opening is still limited and, only in some cases, is the liberalisation improving. Entry in the industry has not yet developed its full potential. An issue emerging in this research is the opposing attitude of incumbent railways against liberalisation and the role of governments in backing this behaviour.},

note = {previous versions: 

12th WCTR Selected Proceedings, 2010

},

keywords = {Liberalization, Rail market, Rail transport, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Economic assessment of transport investments. A comparative analysis of approaches from six European countries},

author = {Paolo Beria and Michele Giove and Mariafrancesca Miele},

url = {http://www.libraweb.net/articoli.php?chiave=201206702&rivista=67, Journal article},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT ECONOMICS},

volume = {xxxix},

pages = {185--217},

abstract = {The paper describes and analyses the different approaches to assessment present in six European countries, namely the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Italy and France. Many comparative studies already exist, pointing out the differences in technicalities and standard values used in the normative frameworks. The contribution of this paper is, instead, to look at the role assigned to assessment procedures in the broader process of decision-making in the transport infrastructure sector. In particular, we look at the role of Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) in the process of infrastructure planning . The cases vary from the use of CBA to assess single schemes out of a general public-driven strategy (like in the UK), to centrally planned and assessed infrastructure in which CBA is used essentially to prioritise among a range of concurrent projects (like in Germany or the Nordic countries). Substantial differences also exist among planned approaches, ranging from centrally managed modelling and ranking, to more complex and cooperative approaches. After reviewing each of the six countries and introducing their approach, we define an interpretation scheme. By means of this scheme, we propose a comparison of the six countries, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. This analysis also makes it possible to comment more rationally some of the commonly found pitfalls of evaluation, such as hidden agendas of decision makers, derived finance problems and relationships with agencies. The paper concludes with some policy indications, proposing three “theoretical” models of the process.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Evaluation, Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Multicriteria versus Cost Benefit Analysis: a comparative perspective in the assessment of sustainable mobility},

author = {Paolo Beria and Ila Maltese and Ilaria Mariotti},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12544-012-0074-9, Journal article

http://www.francoangeli.it/Ricerca/Scheda_libro.aspx?ID=20023, Book chapter (2011 previous version)

http://ww2.unime.it/sefisast/SEFISAST/Conference_Paper_files/BERIA_MALTESE_MARIOTTI.pdf, Proceedings (2011 previous version)},

doi = {10.1007/s12544-012-0074-9},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {EUROPEAN TRANSPORT RESEARCH REVIEW},

volume = {4},

pages = {137--152},

abstract = {Background and aim The paper focuses on the methodology for assessing Sustainable Mobility (SM) at the neighbourhood scale, and pays attention to two different ex-ante evaluation approaches: the Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) and the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). If MCA is an acknowledged technique for the assessment of sustainability at neighbourhood level, CBA is mainly used for infrastructure and large transformation projects. The aim of the paper is twofold: (i) highlight strengths and weaknesses of the two techniques, especially when assessing SM at the neighbourhoods scale; (ii) investigate the applicability of MCA and CBA to evaluate some relevant SM strategies and policies at the neighbourhood scale. To do so, a detailed description of MCA and CBA is presented and, when it exists, a review of their application to assess SM at neighbourhood level is described. Strengths and weaknesses of the approaches are, therefore, highlighted and their applicability to some specific SM measures are examined. Results and conclusions It results that the joint use of the two methodologies could overcome their mutual weaknesses, providing a coherent methodology for assessing both efficiency and effectiveness of SM policies and projects.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Multi-criteria analysis, Sustainable mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Economic, environmental and energy assessment of the Turin-Lyon high-speed rail},

author = {Luca Giunti and Luca Mercalli and Alberto Poggio and Marco Guido Ponti and Angelo Tartaglia and Sergio Ulgiati and Massimo Zucchetti},

url = {http://porto.polito.it/2504186/1/Giunti_et_al_High_Speed_Rail_IJEES_2012.pdf, Journal article},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY SCIENCE},

volume = {2},

pages = {361--368},

abstract = {One of the best known cases of struggle for the commons in Italy, characterized by bitter controversies over the last 20 years, is the popular opposition to the construction of the High Speed Railway line (HSR, “TAV” in Italian) between Turin and Lyon, designed to cross the Susa Valley (at the Italian-French border) and the Alps. This HSR project still carries, in spite of twenty years of continuous updating and reworking, a great deal of unsolved environmental and economic issues. An issue of insufficient cost-benefit balance has recently come to clear evidence, especially in view of the non-negligible passenger and freight traffic decrease along the Turin-Lyon direction. The most important aspects dealing with economic costs and claimed benefits, energetic considerations, legal constraints, environmental impact, health impact potential, and the negative experience of other projects, are discussed: they all suggest that the High-Speed Train Turin-Lyon is not a priority for Italy and France, and its construction should be immediately stopped.},

keywords = {Energy efficiency, High-speed rail, Optimism bias, Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Utenti e regionalizzazione dei trasporti},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti and Antonio Laurino},

editor = {Altroconsumo},

url = {http://www.consumatoridirittimercato.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2011-01-utenti-e-regionalizzazione-dei-trasporti-consumatori-diritti-e-mercato-16-n537270.pdf, Journal Article},

issn = {1590-1661},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-03-01},

urldate = {2015-04-17},

journal = {CONSUMATORI, DIRITTI E MERCATO},

volume = {1},

number = {16},

pages = {39--48},

abstract = {La regionalizzazione dei trasporti, intesa in particolar modo come assunzione decentrata di scelte di cui si sia poi politicamente e fiscalmente responsabili, rientra nel più ampio dibattito sul federalismo che negli ultimi tempi ha assunto un ruolo sempre più rilevante in Italia. L'articolo si propone di analizzare il contesto attuale per quattro settori di trasporto cercando di evidenziare le ricadute per gli utenti. I trasporti sono uno dei settori su cui può essere più condivisibile un sostanziale decentramento di potere decisionale poiché, contrariamente a quanto spesso percepito, gli spostamenti di merci e persone avvengono per il 75% circa in ambito regionale (con costi e problemi ambientali relativi). Purtroppo l'enfasi posta dai governi di centro-destra sulle "grandi opere" ha distorto questo ovvio elemento fattuale, facendo intendere che soprattutto le infrastrutture per le lunghe distanze fossero essenziali per famiglie e imprese. L'articolo si propone di analizzare negli elementi essenziali le esperienze che si sono verificate nei diversi comparti dei trasporti in seguito ai diversi tentativi fatti di regionalizzare alcuni aspetti importanti del settore. Verranno pertanto ripercorse brevemente le alterne vicende relative al trasporto pubblico locale e al trasporto regionale su ferro fino ad arrivare ai recenti sviluppi che hanno di fatto visto una sostanziale attenuazione di quelle che erano le premesse contenute nelle leggi emanate nella seconda metà degli anni novanta. Per quanto riguarda il settore autostradale, l'articolo analizza i nuovi soggetti misti ANAS-Regioni istituiti per la realizzazione delle autostrade regionali; infine vengono proposte alcune riflessioni sullo stato attuale del settore aeroportuale e portuale evidenziando le implicazioni per gli enti locali. Anticipando le conclusioni, si osserva che di regionalizzazione reale nel settore dei trasporti ve né è piuttosto poca, se si intende regionalizzazione come assunzione decentrata di scelte di cui si sia poi politicamente e fiscalmente responsabili. Per quanto riguarda i trasporti pubblici locali, si evidenzia una forte presenza e dipendenza dal governo centrale per il finanziamento dei servizi. Una soluzione possibile sarebbe quella di finanziare questi servizi tramite la fiscalità locale, introducendo contemporaneamente dispositivi aggregati di riequilibrio tra aree con diversi livelli di reddito, validi per tutti i servizi. Per le infrastrutture (ferrovie, strade, aeroporti, porti, metropolitane), sarebbe opportuno anche qui operare un decentramento vero, escluso un numero limitato di opere di sicura valenza sovra-regionale. Una volta decentrate risorse e prelievi fiscali relativi, è fondamentale la creazione di un'autorità regolatoria nazionale indipendente a difesa degli utenti (ma anche delle imprese concessionarie). Infine sarebbe da auspicare che, con l'aumento delle responsabilità di gestione ed investimento a livello regionale o sub-ragionale, vengano istituiti uffici locali dell'autorità centrale in grado di supportare l'applicazione della tutela degli utenti a livello decentrato.},

keywords = {Public transport, Regulation, Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {An Early Evaluation of Italian High Speed Projects},

author = {Paolo Beria and Raffaele Grimaldi},

url = {http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/tema/article/view/urn%3Anbn%3Ait%3Aunina-3533, Journal article},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/486	},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment},

volume = {4},

pages = {15--28},

abstract = {Italy has undergone, in the last 15 years, an exceptional public financial effort to build approximately 1,000 km of high speed rail lines. Further extensions are under construction or planned, especially in the most important international relations. This network is widely considered as fundamental to comply the European vision of a continental-wide transport system. The paper analyses the past and the future of such network, where possible from a quantitative point of view. The first part of the article reviews the history of the Alta Velocità scheme, particularly focusing on the issues related to the economic regulation of the investments and the financial troubles at first and then on the present issues related to the regulation of rail services. The analysis of the supply, the time gains, the demand and the costs allows to build a simple but independent evaluation of the past projects from an ex-post perspective, pointing out the successes, but also important critical issues. The second part of the paper analyses the future expansion plans looking at the costs, the existing and expected demand and derives some policy indications and cost reduction strategies capable both to control public expenditure in a period of crisis and not to abandon the idea of a modern and effective rail network.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Demand forecasting, High-speed rail, Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Alitalia – The failure of a national carrier},

author = {Paolo Beria and Hans-Martin Niemeier and Karsten Fröhlich},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699711000202, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.02.007},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {JOURNAL OF AIR TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT},

volume = {17},

pages = {215--220},

abstract = {The paper examines the case of Alitalia, Italy’s former flag carrier, as a case of a state-managed failure. The history of the airline is characterized by a continuous decline in its competitive position since the progressive liberalization of the European aviation market. The root cause of this decline lies in the carrier being mainly used as a political tool rather than operating as a competitive firm. In a liberalized market this doomed Alitalia to failure, which was artificially delayed by numerous state financial and regulatory interventions. The paper starts with a historical overview of the most important events in recent Alitalia history. Thereafter the main causes of the airline’s weak competitive position relative to other European carriers are analyzed. We argue that the underlying causes of the decline were continuous political protection, lack of strategic views in favor of short-term objectives, and poor managerial decisions.},

keywords = {Air transport, Liberalization, Political economy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Il nuovo tram di Bergamo. Una valutazione ex-post},

author = {Paolo Beria and Alex Borlini and Roberto Maja},

url = {http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=43865, Journal article},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {TERRITORIO},

volume = {59/2011},

pages = {30--37},

abstract = {Nel 2009 è stata attivata la tranvia Bergamo-Albino. Si tratta in realtà di un’infrastruttura completamente nuova che però ripercorre una parte del tracciato della vecchia linea ferroviaria della Val Seriana, chiusa nel 1967. L’articolo ripercorre le caratteristiche del progetto – si tratta della prima tranvia extraurbana in Italia costruita ex-novo – ne ricostruisce il processo decisionale e ne propone una valutazione expost a quasi due anni dall’apertura. Viene analizzata la domanda prevista in fase di valutazione e quella effettivamente presente, i costi, le caratteristiche tecniche, la valutazione analisi-costi benefi ci prodotta al momento della decisione. In particolare, si mostrerà come la Acb prodotta in origine presentava errori metodologici, ma essi erano a sfavore del progetto, Tuttavia, il progetto presenta ancora margini di miglioramento delle performance di domanda e ci si può attendere che il risultato non sia così negativo, diventando economicamente fattibile in una prospettiva di lungo termine.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Public transport, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Il sistema ferroviario regionale. Alla lombarda},

author = {Paolo Beria},

url = {https://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?idArticolo=40592, Journal article

http://www.dastu.polimi.it/index.php?id=617, Issue contents},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {TERRITORIO},

volume = {54},

pages = {71--75},

abstract = {Il Servizio Ferroviario Regionale lombardo sta entrando progressivamente in esercizio ed è ormai quasi completo. L’articolo propone una breve rassegna sul progetto e su come è stato concepito il sistema ferroviario lombardo nei suoi punti chiave: il Passante e l’orario simmetrico, cadenzato e mnemonico. Con il sistema quasi a regime e che mostra risultati abbastanza positivi in termini di domanda, è possibile trarre alcune considerazioni su quei ‘dettagli’ mancati che avrebbero potuto garantire un successo pieno, primo tra tutti la limitata integrazione con il territorio e con il resto del trasporto pubblico. Infine, vengono proposte alcune considerazioni su come servizi ‘lenti’ con finalità turistico-paesistica possono inserirsi in questo sistema molto complesso.},

keywords = {Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2010,

title = {Strategies and pitfalls in the infrastructure development of airports: A comparison of Milan Malpensa and Berlin Brandenburg International airports},

author = {Paolo Beria and Aaron Scholz},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699709000830, Online article},

doi = {10.1016/j.jairtraman.2009.10.004},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {JOURNAL OF AIR TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT},

volume = {16},

pages = {65--73},

abstract = {The paper analyses two airport investment projects in Europe: the completed investment at Milan Malpensa Airport and the investment at Berlin Brandenburg International. The two facilities were chosen because of similarities in their market environments. The paper examines the history of the projects, their objectives, demand forecasts, assessment methodologies and the strategies of the main carriers that use them. A comparison between expectations and outcomes for Malpensa a decade after its opening allows examination of the validity of the parameters used in the decision-making. The criteria being used to assess the investment in Berlin Brandenburg International are explored.},

keywords = {Air transport, Airports, Optimism bias},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {La mobilità sostenibile e il futuro delle metropoli},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.vitaepensiero.it/scheda-articolo_digital/marco-ponti/la-mobilita-sostenibile-e-il-futuro-delle-metropoli-888888_2010_0001_0113-151919.html, Journal article},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {VITA E PENSIERO},

volume = {1},

pages = {113--119},

abstract = {Gli spostamenti di persone e merci nelle aree urbane implicano effetti sul clima, danni alla salute o agli edifici, congestione dei trasporti stradali. Vanno però sfatati alcuni “miti” consolidati contro i mezzi privati e a favore dei mezzi pubblici.},

keywords = {Sustainable mobility, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {La regolamentazione dei servizi e delle infrastrutture dei trasporti: quadro teorico e politiche italiane},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Riviste.asp?IDArticolo=41328, Journal article},

doi = {10.3280/TR2010-055025},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {TERRITORIO},

volume = {55},

pages = {177--186},

abstract = {The article looks at some elements of economic theory and state intervention in the field of infrastructures and transport, showing the importance of the political dimension in decisions which are generally considered to be technical. Some critical considerations are made, on the transport sector in particular, on competitive potential and practical effectiveness. More specifically, the regulatory problems posed by the liberalisation of some sectors are evident in the Italian experiences examined. The discussion on the choice of different governance instruments highlights the technical and political importance of direct public intervention in the regulation and delivery of incentives and disincentives.},

keywords = {Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Social marginal cost pricing and second best alternatives in partnerships for transport infrastructures},

author = {Silvia Maffii and Riccardo Parolin and Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885910001034, Journal article},

doi = {10.1016/j.retec.2010.10.004},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS},

volume = {30},

pages = {23--28},

abstract = {According to the economic theory, if all the first-best conditions are met, social optimality involves the prices to be set equal to social marginal costs. When it is not possible to set prices equal to social marginal costs, due to the presence of constraints within the transport sector or distortions elsewhere in the economy, the theory suggests corrections to the SMC principle (second-best alternatives). But the implementation of second best alternatives can give rise to serious problems when transferred from theory to practice. This chapter will discuss in particular the problems that might rise when investment cost are included (totally or partially) in the social marginal costs rules, and in particular when private operators are involved.},

keywords = {Financing, Pricing, Rail transport, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2009,

title = {Lo stato della regolazione dei trasporti in Italia},

author = {Paolo Beria and Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.2382/31044, Journal article},

doi = {10.2382/31044},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {ECONOMIA DEI SERVIZI},

volume = {Anno IV, numero 3},

pages = {465--484},

abstract = {Il presente paper intende fornire una rassegna sullo stato della liberalizzazione dei trasporti in Italia. Per fare ciò vengono brevemente tracciate le possibili indicazioni della teoria, per poi passare allo stato della normativa europea e italiana e all’effettivo grado di liberalizzazione raggiunto nel paese. Ciascun modo discusso (ferro, gomma, aria, nave, compresa la regolazione delle infrastrutture) viene completato da un commento sulle prevedibili evoluzioni attese. La rassegna è naturalmente sintetica, ma cerca di cogliere e commentare tutti gli aspetti rilevanti utilizzando la medesima griglia interpretativa. In conclusione verranno formulati alcuni brevi commenti complessivi sul grado di liberalizzazione dei vari modi e sulle motivazioni di tali disomogeneità.},

keywords = {Air transport, Infrastructure, Rail transport, Regulation, Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Le problematiche regolatorie della nuova autostrada diretta tra Milano e Brescia},

author = {Antonio Laurino},

issn = {17237432},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {T&T. TRASPORTI E TERRITORIO},

volume = {2009},

pages = {43--49},

abstract = {The article analyzes the main regulatory problems of the new direct highway between Milano and Brescia. The highway A4 is already present in the area interested by the new infrastructure; the new project will be realized in Project Financing according to the application of the CIPE’s Directive 1/2007 about highways concessions. The objective of this article is to underline the main problems of the Convention signed in March 2007 between BreBeMi SpA and the regulator CAL SpA focusing mainly on the risks analysis.},

keywords = {Highways, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Parcheggi e rendite aeroportuali},

author = {Elena Scopel and Marco Guido Ponti},

url = {http://www.consumatoridirittimercato.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2009-02-parcheggi-e-altre-rendite-aeroportuali-consumatori-diritti-e-mercato-11-n526220.pdf, Journal article},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {CONSUMATORI, DIRITTI E MERCATO},

volume = {2/2009},

pages = {103--114},

abstract = {La regolamentazione del sistema aeroportuale italiano fino al 2007 non ha evitato la formazione di rendite ingiustificate. In particolare l’attività non-aviation, tra cui quella dei parcheggi, ha garantito ai gestori elevati profitti, a scapito degli utenti.

È in corso un timido mutamento legislativo, che può dare i suoi frutti solo se accompagnato dall’istituzione di un’autorità di settore, oggi mancante.},

keywords = {Airports, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Single European Sky and its impacts on CO2 emissions},

author = {Aaron Scholz and Patrick Jochem and Anselm Ott and Paolo Beria},

url = {https://aerlinesmagazine.wordpress.com/magazine/volumes-11-15/volume-15/issue-41/, Journal article},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {AERLINES MAGAZINE},

volume = {41},

pages = {1--5},

publisher = {Aerlines Magazine Foundation},

keywords = {Air transport, External costs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beria2008,

title = {Book review: Road Congestion Pricing in Europe. Implications for the United States},

author = {Paolo Beria},

url = {http://www.planum.net/document-5, Book review},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {PLANUM},

volume = {on line},

pages = {1--3},

publisher = {Planum Associazione.},

keywords = {Road pricing, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ponti2008b,

title = {Alitalia e Malpensa, difesa dell’offerta o della domanda?},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti and Paolo Beria},

url = {http://www.altroconsumo.it/nt/nc/articoli/alitalia-e-malpensa-difesa-dell-offerta-o-della-domanda-consumatori-diritti-e-mercato-8, Journal article},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {CONSUMATORI, DIRITTI E MERCATO},

volume = {2/2008},

pages = {105--113},

publisher = {Luogo pubbl. Milano Milano : Guerini e Associati},

abstract = {La vicenda della vendita di Alitalia e dell’abbandono di Malpensa mettono in evidenza i temi della protezione della domanda dai monopoli e alcuni aspetti del futuro del trasporto aereo italiano. Partendo da una breve e chiara descrizione dei modelli di offerta e dai limiti ancora esistenti a una piena liberalizzazione, l’articolo ripercorre la fallimentare vicenda di Alitalia e il suo rapporto con l’aeroporto di Malpensa.},

keywords = {Air transport, Airports, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ponti2008c,

title = {L’adeguatezza del sistema aeroportuale del Nord Italia},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti and Paolo Beria},

url = {http://www.mi.camcom.it/upload/file/1471/735596/FILENAME/08-ponti-beria.pdf, Journal article},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {IMPRESA & STATO},

volume = {82/2008},

pages = {30--33},

publisher = {Catanzaro: Rubettino Editore precedenti: -Milano: PROMOS editore -Monza: Franco Angeli Riviste -Milano : Camera di commercio, industria, artigianato e agricoltura, ©1988},

keywords = {Air transport, Airports},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {La valutazione economica del tunnel di base del Brennero},

author = {Raffaele Grimaldi},

issn = {1723-7432},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {T&T. TRASPORTI E TERRITORIO},

volume = {3-4},

pages = {154--158},

abstract = {L'articolo mostra i risultati dell’analisi costi-benefici del tunnel di base Brennero. Il progetto di un tunnel di base ferroviario sotto il passo del Brennero ha l’obiettivo di aumentare la capacità ferroviaria dell’asse alpino oggi più trafficato. I risultati sono positivi solo se l'opera è completata da una rampa di accesso oggi non prevista. Nella prassi internazionale verrebbe comunque classificata come marginale. Meglio sarebbe affidarsi a una strategia di gradualità: realizzare subito alcuni piccoli interventi, utili per la capacità del sistema a medio termine, ma molto meno costosi. Nel frattempo occorrerebbe monitorare l'andamento dei traffici, dei costi e degli altri valichi. Aprendo i cantieri solo in presenza di certezze sui benefici e di completa disponibilità di risorse.},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Evaluation, Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {La rotaia arrugginita e il vagone del futuro},

author = {Paolo Beria and Marco Guido Ponti},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {IL MULINO},

volume = {6},

pages = {1028--1041},

keywords = {Rail transport, Transport planning, Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Open questions about the evaluation of large infrastructural projects in Italy},

author = {Paolo Beria},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

pages = {1--21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Single European Sky and its impacts on CO2 emissions},

author = {Paolo Beria and Patrick Jochem and Anselm Ott and Aaron Scholz},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

pages = {1--10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Transport megaprojects in Italy. A comparative analysis of economic feasibility studies into EIA},

author = {Paolo Beria},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {EUROPEAN TRANSPORT/TRASPORTI EUROPEI},

volume = {XXI/36},

pages = {27--46},

publisher = {Trieste : ISTIEE},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Una fotografia della mobilità milanese: Aspetti gestionali della politica complessiva della mobilità milanese},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti and Elena Scopel},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {DEDALO},

volume = {Dicembre 2007},

pages = {14--19},

keywords = {Sustainable mobility, Transport policy, Urban mobility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Eine Frage von Kosten und Nutzen},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti},

editor = {Kußtatscher J.},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {Tunnelblick. Der Brennerbasistunnel fakten - argumente - meinungen},

pages = {1--10},

publisher = {StudienVerlag},

address = {Innsbruck},

keywords = {Cost–benefit analysis, Evaluation, Rail transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {La politica dei trasporti dopo un anno di governo Prodi},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {Trasporti e Territorio},

journal = {T&T. TRASPORTI E TERRITORIO},

volume = {2007},

pages = {1--10},

keywords = {Transport policy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Dottorandi in rete: esperienze e riflessioni a confronto},

author = {Paolo Beria and Francesco Coviello and Federica Jappelli and Laura Milani and Marcella Samakovlija},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {TERRITORIO},

volume = {37},

pages = {149--160},

publisher = {F. Angeli},

address = {Milano},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {L’approccio Analisi Costi Benefici per la valutazione economico-ambientale di opzioni tecnologiche nella sostituzione di flotte nazionali},

author = {Paolo Beria},

editor = {Polidori G., Musso E., Marcucci E.},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {I trasporti e l’Europa. Politiche, infrastrutture, concorrenza},

pages = {370--387},

publisher = {F. Angeli},

address = {Milano},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Riflessioni sulla valutazione ex-post dell’esperienza delle Agenzie di Sviluppo Locale},

author = {Paolo Beria},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

pages = {1--15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Transport megaprojects in Italy. Evaluation of large infrastructural projects economic feasibility in Italy: a comparative analysis},

author = {Paolo Beria},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

pages = {1--18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {Riflessioni per una riforma della regolazione nel settore autostradale},

author = {Giuseppe Coco and Marco Guido Ponti},

editor = {Claudio De Vincenti and Adriana Vigneri},

url = {http://www.mulino.it/edizioni/universita/scheda_volume.php?vista=scheda&fbt=1&ISBNART=11109},

isbn = {8815111093},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Le virtù della concorrenza. Regolazione e mercato nei servizi di pubblica utilità},

pages = {307--322},

publisher = {Il Mulino},

address = {Bologna},

keywords = {Highways, Regulation, Road transport},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b,

title = {L'economia della Torino-Lione},

author = {Marco Guido Ponti},

editor = {Claudio Cancelli and Giuseppe Sergi and Massimo Zucchetti},

isbn = {8886973764},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Travolti dall'Alta Voracità},

pages = {169--188},

publisher = {Oradek},

address = {Roma},

keywords = {Transport planning},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}